Can You Recycle Solar Panels? Everything You Need to Know

As the whole world becomes increasingly conscious of the importance of clean and renewable energy, the use of solar panels has surged, symbolizing the promise of a more sustainable future.

Yet, despite how solar panels are effective in reducing carbon footprint, the rapid adoption of solar energy also creates another growing concern. 

Solar panels won’t last forever, typically only 25 to 30 years. This means that in the decades to come, a large number of solar panels will reach the end of their lifespan. This creates a key issue: what should we do to these solar panels at the end of their lifespan? 

This answer is solar panel recycling. 

In this blog post, we will address a pressing question: can we recycle solar panels? This question will be answered as we explore the following points:

  • Understanding solar panels: To understand the significance of recycling, it’s critical to first understand the basics – how solar panels work, what they are made of,  what influences their lifespan, etc.
  • The growing issue of solar panel waste: The alarming issues surrounding end-of-life solar panels, and the potential repercussions of irresponsible disposal
  • Solar panel recycling process: The different components of a solar panel and how they are recycled from A to Z
  • Feasibility of solar panel recycling: The legal requirements and technical feasibility of solar panel recycling, and the options for individuals and businesses to facilitate recycling
  • Benefits of solar panel recycling: How recycling can provide incentives for the solar panel owners in economic, environmental, and social ways

And more. 

Without further ado, let us begin by discussing the basics of solar panels. 

Understanding Solar Panels

In a nutshell, solar panels are devices that convert sunlight into electricity using a process called the photovoltaic effect. 

This photovoltaic process relies on the following principles:

  • Photon absorption: Solar panels contain photovoltaic cells made of semiconductor materials such as  silicon. When these cells absorb sunlight containing photons, it creates an electric current. 
  • Direct Current (DC) generation: Initially, the photovoltaic cells generate Direct Current (DC), which can’t be used to power most of your appliances and lights. 
  • Energy Harvesting: The DC electricity is then passed through an electric inverter and converted into another type of electricity we use in homes and buildings, Alternating Current (AC). Now it can power your devices, charge your phones, and everything else you need.

A single solar panel typically contains multiple photovoltaic cells (also often called solar cells), which are connected together in series and parallel to increase the generated voltage and current output.

Different Types of Solar Panels

There are three main types of solar panels available in the market, each with its own unique characteristics: 

  1. Monocrystalline Panels: Made from a single silicon crystal, hence the name mono (one) crystalline. They are easily recognizable by their black and uniform appearance and are the most efficient type of solar panel. However, they are also the most expensive.
  2. Polycrystalline Panels: This type of panel is also made from silicon but with multiple crystals. These panels are less efficient than monocrystalline panels, but they are also more cost-effective.
  3. Thin-Film Panels: Thin-film panels are made of a thin layer of semiconductor materials, commonly cadmium telluride (CdTe) and copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS). They are less efficient than silicon solar panels but are also more affordable.

Due to the different components and materials contained in each type, they will also need different recycling approaches.

The Lifespan of Solar Panels and Factors Affecting Their Longevity

Solar panels are built to last, and they have a fairly long lifespan of 25 to 30 years with proper maintenance.

However, several factors can influence their lifespan:

  • Manufacturing quality: High-quality solar panels that are made of higher-quality materials will typically endure longer than low-quality solar panels. 
  • Installation: Improper installation can significantly shorten a solar panel’s expected lifespan. It’s critical to have the panel installed by a qualified installer. 
  • Maintenance: To keep the panels performing in their optimal conditions and prolong their lifespans, they should be inspected, cleaned, and maintained regularly. Accumulation of dust and debris can reduce the panel’s efficiency and may cause damage.
  • Climate: The climate and environmental conditions where the panels are installed can influence their lifespan. Extreme humidity, temperatures, and weather conditions, such as hail, snow, and high winds, can affect longevity. 
  • Technological advancement: Technological advancements allow newer solar panels to be more advanced and efficient, which may indirectly affect the lifespan of older solar panels by driving the owners to upgrade to newer panels, retiring the old panels before they lose efficiency. 

The Growing Issue of Solar Panel Waste

While the recent popularity of solar panels is undoubtedly positive in the pursuit of a more sustainable future, it’s still not a perfect solution. 

As discussed above, solar panels have a finite lifespan of around 25-30 years. With the fact that a lot of people and businesses have purchased solar panels in recent years, we will have a massive volume of end-of-life solar panels in the next two or three decades.

This exponential increase of decommissioned solar panels can cause significant issues for the environment. By 2050, the volume of decommissioned solar panels is projected to reach 78 million tons, as stated by the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). To give a visual representation of 78 million tons of solar panels, it is approximately 1,063,636 American football fields.

If these decommissioned solar panels are not managed properly, they could have dire consequences for the environment and human health. 

Solar panels contain hazardous materials, such as lead, cadmium, selenium, and arsenic. When not handled correctly, they can leach into the groundwater or soil, contaminating drinking water. They can also pollute the air if the solar panels are incinerated.

This issue won’t be limited to a single region but presents  a global challenge that requires concerted commitment and effort.  These environmental and health risks demand a more sustainable and comprehensive solution, and recycling is the key to mitigating these issues. This is also why in recent years, regulatory bodies and governments all around the world have implemented policies and regulations to promote recycling and responsible disposal of solar panels.

Can You Recycle Solar Panels?

Above, we have discussed the importance of sustainable recycling of solar panels, but a critical question still arises: 

Can we recycle solar panels effectively?

In this section, we will explore the technical feasibility of solar panel recycling and discuss the common challenges encountered in the recycling process.

Technical Feasibility of Solar Panel Recycling

The good news is, yes, solar panels can be effectively recycled with current existing technologies.

  • Valuable materials recovery: While today’s solar panels often involve intricate design and are made up of a variety of materials, including silicon, glass, plastic, and aluminum, recycling technologies have advanced to effectively and efficiently recover and reuse these materials. 
  • Photovoltaic cells reclamation: Photovoltaic cells can be carefully extracted with current technologies and then refurbished or reused in making new solar panels or other devices. This can reduce the need to extract raw materials. 
  • Frame and glass reuse: Solar panels typically use aluminum frames and tempered glass encapsulation. Both are relatively easy to recycle.
  • Safe disposal of hazardous materials: There are ways to effectively handle and dispose of hazardous materials contained in solar panels, such as lead and cadmium, so they won’t harm the environment. 

While it can vary depending on the type, size, and complexity of each solar panel, a solar panel recycling process typically involves the following steps: 

  1. Disassembly: The solar panel is first removed from its mounting position and then disassembled into its individual components (i.e., aluminum/metal frame, photovoltaic cells, glass, back sheet, etc.)
  2. Material separation: Different materials contained in the solar panels are separated using a variety of methods, such as magnets, screens, air classifiers, etc.
  3. Material recovery: The recovered valuable materials are cleaned and processed. They may be sent to another party for refurbishment or reuse.
  4. Safe disposal of hazardous components: Any hazardous components in the solar panel are safely disposed of. 

Common Challenges in The Recycling Process

While solar panel recycling is now very feasible, there are still a number of potential challenges you may face, including:

  • Lack of awareness: With the solar recycling industry in its fairly early stages of development, there are many businesses and consumers who are not yet aware of the importance and benefits of the recycling process. 
  • Economic viability: The cost of recycling solar panels can vary depending on the type of solar panel, the location of the recycling facility, and other factors. The cost of recycling these solar panels can sometimes be higher than the value of the reclaimed valuable materials, so it’s not economically feasible. 
  • Collections and transportation: Solar panels are relatively big and/or contain fragile components. Thus, efficient collection and transportation of solar panels—especially in bulk— can be challenging logistics-wise. In remote or less populated areas, the challenge can be further amplified. 
  • Diversity of panel types: Different panel types, materials contained, and sizes may require different recycling approaches. Adapting to these different panel types can be logistically challenging in practice. 
  • Limited regulations: In some geographical locations, there is a lack of clear standards and regulations for solar panel recycling, which can pose a challenge. 

Yet, despite these challenges, the answer to the question, “Can you recycle solar panels?” is a resounding yes. In the future, with further advancements in technology, more commitment from governments, and innovations by companies, solar panel recycling will be even more cost-effective and accessible. 

Can You Recycle Broken Solar Panels?

What about solar panels that are already damaged or completely broken? Can you recycle broken solar panels safely?

The answer is still yes, but there are some concerns to pay attention to. 

When recycling intact and undamaged panels, typically, we can recycle them almost immediately with minimal modifications and little to no special treatments: they are dismounted and disassembled, and then the materials can be recovered.

On the other hand, damaged panels may need specialized recycling processes, not only to ensure optimal salvage of valuable materials/components, but broken solar panels may have leaked/exposed hazardous materials that require safe handling. 

Below are the best practices for handling used and/or broken solar panels:

  • Safety first: When dealing with used solar panels, safety should be the top priority. Ensure the recycling facility is clear of any electrical hazards, and wear adequate protective gear (i.e., safety glasses, protective gloves.)
  • Isolate the panel: If dealing with multiple panels, Isolate the broken panel from the rest of the solar array (if possible, from the whole system) to prevent any electrical issues. 
  • Avoid touching the panel: Avoid touching the photovoltaic cells with bare skin since they may contain hazardous materials. 
  • Assess the damage: Evaluate the extent of the damage before recycling the panel. Is it a minor crack, or is it a severe break? Is there any leakage? Careful evaluation will help you determine the right recycling approach.

Last but not least, if you are unsure about how to handle used and old solar panels, consider contacting a qualified used solar panel recycling professional like Solar Recycling™️. 

Recycling Solar Panels: Options for Consumers and Businesses

Now that we’ve understood the feasibility and importance of recycling decommissioned solar panels, what are our options for doing so? 

Fortunately, nowadays, both individual consumers and businesses in Texas, California, Florida, Arizona and all other states have a variety of options for recycling solar panels. Here are a few examples: 

  1. Consult the manufacturer: Start by contacting your solar panel manufacturer and ask for guidance on recycling. Some manufacturers offer take-back or recycling programs for their customers, or they may have partnerships with recycling facilities.
  2. Professional solar installers: If you are upgrading to newer solar panels, professional solar installers who install your new panels may have connections with local recycling services. They may also be able to assist you with the responsible disposal of your old panels. 
  3. Local e-waste recycling program: Many e-waste recycling programs accept decommissioned solar panels. Try searching online or contacting your local authorities to find e-waste recycling programs in your area.
  4. Contact a recycling facility: There are a number of recycling facilities in operation around the world. Try to get in touch with a nearby solar recycling service or facility, and they can guide you through the required process. Some services, including Solar Recycling™️, may offer collection/pick-up services.

When assessing your options, it’s important to be aware of local regulations that may affect solar panel recycling and/or disposal. Some locations mandate responsible disposal and recycling practices. 

The Benefits of Recycling Solar Panels

Recycling solar panels can offer various economic, social, and environmental benefits, including:

  • Economic benefits:
    • Job creation: The solar panel recycling industry creates jobs not only in the recycling process but also in the collection and transportation of solar panels, among others. This job creation can help create new opportunities for people in the area and boost the region’s economy. 
    • Reduces the cost of solar energy: Recycling old solar panels can help reduce the cost of new solar panels and solar energy as a whole. This is because recycling can reduce the need to extract valuable raw materials. The reduced cost can make solar energy more accessible to consumers and businesses. 
  • Social benefits:
    • Promotes sustainability: Recycling solar panels can help show that your business (and yourself) is committed to reducing environmental impact and protecting the environment’s sustainability for future generations. 
    • Education and awareness: Solar panel recycling provides an opportunity for educating the public on solar energy, renewable energy, and sustainable practices. This can help teach the public about the different components of solar panels and how they can be recycled, increasing the public’s knowledge about the environmental impact of solar energy. 
  • Environmental benefits: 
    • Reduces waste and conserves raw resources: Recycling valuable materials such as aluminum, metal, plastic, glass, and silicon can help reduce waste and conserve resources otherwise used for making new solar panels.
    • Improve the safety of solar panel disposal: Solar panels, as mentioned, contain some hazardous materials that should be disposed of properly. A proper recycling process ensures these hazardous components are disposed of responsibly and safely, protecting the community from potential health risks. 
    • Reduces greenhouse gas emissions: Manufacturing new solar panels are resource and energy-intensive. Recycling helps reduce the need to manufacture new solar panels, which can lead to a reduction in energy usage and greenhouse gas emissions. 

How Solar Panel Recycling Works

To truly understand the process of recycling solar panels, we have to first understand the different components included in a solar panel and what they are made of. Each of these components may require different recycling approaches, which can significantly change the overall recycling process. 

Main Components of Solar Panels

  1. Photovoltaic (PV) cells

Also known as “solar cells,” PV cells are made of semiconductor materials such as silicon and are the most important component of a solar panel.

The main function of a photovoltaic cell is the conversion of sunlight into electricity through a phenomenon known as the photovoltaic effect. Typically, a single solar panel contains multiple photovoltaic cells, which are arranged in a series of strings. The output of the string is then combined to produce the total output of the panel. 

When the solar panels are recycled, the PV cells can be recovered as they are, used to produce new solar cells or other electronic devices. Alternatively, they can be recycled by being dissolved in a chemical solution to recover valuable silicon or other semiconductor materials. 

  1. Glass

Most solar panels use tempered glass on the front surface of the panels. The glass’s main function is to protect the photovoltaic cells underneath it while allowing sunlight to pass through. It will also reduce heat loss from the solar panel during the photovoltaic effect process.     

When the solar panel is recycled, the glass is crushed and then melted down so it can be reused to make new solar panels or other products.                                                                                                                                                                                                              

  1. Frame

The frame of the solar panel provides structural support to the solar panel while protecting other components (especially the solar cells) to ensure its durability. 

The frame is typically made of metal or aluminum, so when recycled, it will undergo the same methods used to recycle other types of metal: crushed and melted down before it’s reused to make new products that use metal.

  1. Encapsulant

A material used to bond the photovoltaic cells and the tempered glass, the encapsulant’s main function is to protect the PV cells from dust and moisture. Typically made of polymer materials such as ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA.)

When the solar panel is recycled, the encapsulant typically undergoes a process called thermal depolymerization. The encapsulant is heated to a higher temperature, separating the polymer from other materials. The recovered polymer can then be reused to make new products.

  1. Junction box

The junction box is a sealed container that houses the cables, wires, and other electrical connections of the solar panel. The junction box is typically attached to the solar panel’s frame.

When recycled, the junction box is disassembled, and then the contained cables and components are recovered/recycled using suitable methods.

A Typical Solar Panel Recycling Process

The process of recycling solar panels typically involves the following steps:

  1. Collection and transportation: The decommissioned or damaged/broken solar panel is dismounted, collected, and then transported to a recycling facility. 
  2. Sorting and disassembly: The solar panels arrived at the recycling facility and then sorted based on their type, materials contained, condition, and other factors. Then, they are disassembled into their individual components (i.e., frames, glass, PV cells, etc.) 
  3. Material recovery and reprocessing: After the disassembly process, the recovered valuable materials are processed for reuse. This is the core of the recycling process where valuable materials like glass, aluminum, silicon (or other semiconductor materials,) etc. are cleaned, recovered, and reprocessed. 
  4. Safe disposal of hazardous components: Any hazardous components contained in the solar panel, such as lead or cadmium, are safely disposed of using appropriate methods. In some cases, these hazardous materials can be reclaimed and processed for appropriate use.

Conclusion

While solar panels are definitely a valuable asset in our journey towards a more sustainable future, it also comes with responsibilities, including the importance of proper recycling. 

With the massive number of solar panels being installed in recent years and the fact that they have a limited lifespan expectancy of 25-30 years, a huge number of end-of-life solar panels will be a huge issue in the next two or three decades, demanding proper and responsible recycling. 

In this article, we’ve discussed, can you recycle a solar panel, the benefits of recycling, and the steps you’ll need to take when recycling your solar panels. 

Recycling solar panels isn’t just about managing e-waste but rather about building a more sustainable future for our children. We invite you to be an active participant in the mission to create a future where renewable solar energy and responsible environmental practices stay aligned, opening the possibilities for a cleaner and greener world for everyone.